Early childhood education goes as far back as the 1500s. In this article, we explore the origin of early childhood education and the many influences that make the field what it is today. Once we’ve gotten a grasp of the history of early childhood education, we will look at the different curricula available today and assess the differences in approaches when applied to programming.
A history of early childhood education
Martin Luther
The roots of early childhood education go as far back as the early 1500s, where the concept of educating children was attributed to Martin Luther (1483-1546). Back then, very few people knew how to read and many were illiterate. Martin Luther believed that education should be universal and made it a point to emphasize that education strengthened the family as well as the community. Luther believed that children should be educated to read independently so that they could have access to the Bible. This meant that teaching children how to read at an early age would be a strong benefit to society.
John Amos Comenius
Building on this idea, the next individual who contributed to the early beginnings of early childhood education was John Amos Comenius (1592- 1670), who strongly believed that learning for children is rooted in sensory exploration. Comenius wrote the first children’s picture book to promote literacy.
John Locke
Then there was John Locke (1632- 1704), who penned the famous term “blank slate”, also known as tabula rasa, which postulated that is how children start out and the environment fills their metaphorical “slate”.
Friedrich Froebel
A major influencer was Friedrich Froebel (1782 – 1852), who believed that children learn through play. He designed teacher training where he emphasized the importance of observation and developing programs and activities based on the child’s skill level and readiness. Froebel formalized the early childhood setting as well as founded the first kindergarten.
Maria Montessori
Further building from this concept, Maria Montessori (1870-1952) viewed children as a source of knowledge and the educator as a social engineer. She reviewed education as a means to enhance children’s lives, meaning the learning environment is just as important as learning itself. She took the position that children’s senses should be educated first and then the children’s intellect afterward. The Montessori Method is an internationally recognized model of educating children.
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) established a theory of learning where children’s development is broken down into a series of stages (sensory-motor, preoperational, concrete operation). Piaget theorized that children learn through direct and active interaction with the environment.
Lev Vygotsky
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) proposed a socio-cultural position for the development of children. He believed that social interaction provides a medium for cognitive, social, and linguistic development in children. Vygotsky believed that children learn through scaffolding their skills; this meant a more capable member of the community/society would assist the child in completing tasks that were within or just above the child’s capability, which is also known as the zone of proximal development. Vygotsky emphasized collaboration and the implementation of mixed-age groupings of children to support knowledge/skill acquisition.
John Dewey
John Dewey (1859-1952) strongly believed that learning should originate from the interests of children, which is foundational to the project’s approach. The educator is there to promote their interests for discovery and inquiry. Dewey saw the classroom as a place to foster social consciousness and thus the classroom should be democratically run.
Rudolf Steiner
Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925), the creator of what is now known as the Waldorf education philosophy and schools, focused on developing free and morally responsible individuals with a high level of social competence. Steiner broke this down into three developmental stages; preschool to age 6 (experiential education), age 6-14 (formal education), and ages 14+ (conceptual/academic education).
Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson (1902-1994) developed psychosocial stages of development for children where the parent and educator play a pivotal role in supporting the child’s success in every stage for a positive outcome. Erikson stressed that the ordinance of social-emotional development is a key component of the early childhood curriculum.
Loris Malaguzzi
Loris Malaguzzi (1920-1994), the founder of the Reggio Emilia approach, based on the original childcare center opened in the town of Reggio Emilia, was a strong believer in documenting the children’s learning and interests which the educators would base their programming around on for the following days.
David Weikart
David Weikart (1931-2003), the founder of HighScope, which drew from the theories of Piaget, Dewey, and Vygotsky, primarily focused on the child’s intellectual maturation. The landmark study that earned HighScope validity was the Perry Preschool Project in 1962. A randomized controlled study of 123 children of similar skill levels entered the study, split into two groups; one receiving HighScope instruction while the control group did not receive it, but continued the traditional process. Results indicated an increase in academic success, academic adherence, and an increase in wages.
In general, the theorists for early education all would like to see the achievement of a common goal—to see the successful development of children in their primary years. How that goal is achieved differs in the structure of each curriculum.
Childcare Curriculum Today: A Brief Guide
Theme-based Learning
This educational method is based on certain topics that may arise from different sources, such as seasonal/weather changes, upcoming events, interests of the educator, and religious events. Theme-based learning can also have direct instruction roots. Learning is not based on the qualitative interests of the child, but rather the quantitative delivery of content by the teacher. That means program planning can be done weeks and months ahead of time. The advantage of this is that the educator knows exactly what they’re teaching. A disadvantage is that what they’re teaching may not be of interest to the child at the moment, causing them to be disengaged. Classroom learning is very structured and contingent on the current theme. That means that all the material in the classroom would have some relevance/connection to the theme at hand.
Montessori
Montessori-based childcare centers are available globally. Since Montessori is a very specific style, there is also a governing body for Montessori schools and educators through which they should have their certification. This is important to note since centers may declare themselves as “Montessori” while not really adhering to the true delivery of the Montessori Method. When considering putting your child in a Montessori classroom, be aware that the classroom is structured towards the individual child and their interests. This means that the children in the classroom are given the autonomy to learn and use the material in the classroom independently. This may not be effective for all children, who may require more of a structured learning environment. There may also be transitional challenges later on when moving onto traditional or “mainstream” schools.
HighScope
This method is also very unique where learning opportunities are broken down into three major components—the “plan-do-review” process to learning. Children will take a certain amount of time to plan out what they will do before acting upon it. This involves describing the materials they will use to other children they will be interacting with. When the children “do”, they execute their plan in a very purposeful way. Following the activity, they “review” or discuss with an adult and/or other children what they did and what they learned.
HighScope looks to assess the child based on anecdotal notes broken down by the following categories:
- approaches to learning
- social and emotional development
- physical development and health
- language/literacy/communication
- mathematics
- creative arts
- science and technology
- social studies
At parent conferences, these anecdotes are shared with the parents to demonstrate learning is happening within these different categories. HighScope centers should be accredited through the HighScope governing body much the same as Montessori schools, where they can label themselves as HighScope yet not truly adhere to or be recognized as accredited.
Reggio Emilia / Emergent
This approach focuses heavily on documenting the children’s learning as well as allowing the children to really take on their interests. The parents and educators as a community are there to support the learning process of the child over time that they are there at a Reggio-inspired centre. The learning is broken up into projects that are open-ended. Children are given certain concepts that they need to solve through research, questioning and experimentation. There is a strong focus on the arts, which is a vehicle to allow the child to express their thoughts and emotions through multiple mediums. Reggio also looks to expose the children to nature, which means there is a lot of outdoor play in environments that promote using natural items from the environment to be incorporated into their play. There are no standardized tests and learning is demonstrated through the projects that they explored, which is documented by the educators.
Waldorf
In this educational method, children are exposed to a humanitarian, socially responsible and compassionate mode of approaching the world. Typically the educator that works with one group of children will be with that same group as they get older and go from one grade to the next. The arts and academics are fused together within the lessons. These schools are also zero technology in the classroom and exposure for the children. This methodology does, however, only focus on reading when the child reaches the age of seven, with emphasis on storytelling and learning through play. Part of the Waldorf teacher training is learning about anthroposophy, developed by Rudolf Steiner.
Applications in Programming: Blended versus Traditional Approach
Given the variety of approaches to early childhood education, it begs the question: which one is the best? Or, more appropriately, does one method hold sway over another? The short, and perhaps frustrating answer is: it depends. Some programs prefer a traditional approach, adhering to a pure curriculum. Montessori and Waldorf are both approaches that can be sustained well beyond the early childhood level and into high school.
That being said, it is important to understand that methods and pedagogies are frameworks that can inspire practice rather than be a cut-and-dry rubric. In the present moment, it is increasingly the case where programs adopt a blended approach incorporating two or more methods in their program. This is due to the fact that there are distinct advantages to curating aspects from each available method, and adapting it to engage children.
Imagine a curriculum built from a combination of the different methods that allows teachers to strike a balance between instructional teaching and constructive learning. Taking this experiment further, one could technically draw on Reggio for its community and documentation; Montessori for its independent self-directed studies; Waldorf for its integration of the arts and social consciousness and lastly; High Scope for its invaluable three-step process to ensure purposeful, planned and reflected learning processes.
Ultimately, the choice of curriculum boils down to the mission of a center. Is the goal to foster community, or to bring structure and process, or to bring children back to nature, or something entirely new? These are the questions that will help curate a curriculum!
No matter which learning philosophy is followed, all of them share one very important practice: observation. Check out our posts on the importance of observation in early childhood and on childcare facts to learn more!
Steven Bonnay is a Registered Early Childhood Educator who contributes to our blog as a feature writer. He completed his ECE diploma and postgrad certificate in autism and behavior studies at Seneca College. Steven has worked both at the Seneca Lab School and as a part-time field placement professor before joining our team.
Very interesting, I had seen some preschools that were teaching with the themed curriculum as Maria Montessori is associated with, i just was not aware of the theory behind it.
i am a trained Montessori teacher and I can tell you that finding an authentic Montessori school is key to the success of the child. Prior to my training, I had my son in a a so called “Montessori” school and it was just the name, needless to say he wasted 3 years in a method that was not Montessori and he wasn’t trained properly, he’s still in Montessori and I took the training because of this experience and to advocate for authentic Montessori. The name is sadly not trademarked and anyone can call themselves Montessori school.
It really depends on the child and their unique needs and learning style. While the Montessori approach is highly regarded, it may not be the best fit for every child. For some children, expressive arts may be a crucial tool for understanding and interpreting the world around them. It’s important to consider each child’s individual strengths and needs when choosing an educational environment.
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Very interesting
In homeschooling, they can choose to work through their curriculum as quickly or slowly as they feel comfortable doing, establishing their own pace. A child who struggle in one or more areas academically should consider homeschooling as an excellent one-to-one environment to learn the skills necessary to catch up.
It’s important for all of us who work with young children to have an understanding of current practices and how we evolved to those pedagogies.
The people identified above are some of the key people we need to remember, although there are others. There are a couple of things that I think should be noted.
It’s impossible to have studied the lives, motivations, thinking, work and influences of every contributor to our field. Consequently, brief outlines can only be expected. That said, I think there is a difference between brief and simplistic. It’s incredibly hard for experts to reduce the entirety of what can be known about any important figure to a paragraph or two. We all want to know about the easy version – the core or essence, especially when trying to pull out the strands that link it all to today’s practice.
I am concerned that the author set themselves a task that was too onerous. Maybe taking a few theorists, philosophers and educators at a time – or even one at a time – might have offered us something more meaningful.
While an overview has obvious advantages, there are inaccuracies here that mean that some foundational misrepresentations are conveyed, or in some cases, minor ones; either way passing on such ideas is problematic.
The reconceptualist movement is significant in how the landscape has been shifting, and has been for more than two decades. History isn’t only what happened a century ago. Piaget and Vygotsky were both born at the same time and their influence was strong during my time in practice.
Challenging the eurocentric and universalist perspectives has meant a huge pedagogical shift. What’s also been important is to reflect indigenous and other ways of perceiving children and their development. We need to see that ” other ways of knowing” have important histories too.
On the way to our current point were Derman Sparks Anti Bias Curriculum since the 1980s, NAEYC/ Bredekamp and Developnentally Appropriate Practice for example, and more recent Canadian work on cultural competence in the last three decades.
There are key characters who are not mentioned everyday but who have influenced our thinking including the Mcmillan Sisters, Susan Isaacs and John Bowlby, from the UK and Arnold Gesell, Mary Ainsworth, several pediatricians including Spock, and Stanley Greenspan, Otto Weininger, Fraser Mustard. on this side of the Atlantic, …but many others.
It’s hard to imagine weaving together the strands of historic roots without those influences.
Anyway, I think we need to get our history straight. I can’t speak for many corners but I studied at the Froebel Istitute in London for three years and enjoyed learning about Steiner/Waldorf education through my daughter’s attendance in lower and upper departments at the Toronto Waldorf School.
I suppose the more you know about all this. the more you realize you don’t know.
Maybe tweaking a few sentences above might improve things?
I’m an author and researcher in ECE, specializing in observation, documentation and assessment – with a focus on play.
I’m also a retired Professor of Early Childhood Education at Centennial College Toronto
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